Source Description:
Dimensions for the M19 HDR seed are taken from the study by Medich and Munro1. The M19 source consists of a 3.50 mm long 192Ir core with a diameter of 0.65 mm enclosed in a AISI 316L stainless steel (7.80 g/cm3) capsule (note: previous database used AISI 306 stainless steel). The encapsulation consists of an end weld composed of a 0.65 mm thick section of a hemisphere that is 1.17 mm in diameter attached to a 3.50 mm long hollow cylindrical section that has inside and outside diameters of 0.850 mm and 1.17 mm, respectively. The hollow portion of the encapsulation is attached to a solid cylindrical section that is 0.950 mm thick and 1.17 mm in diameter. The cable is assumed to be a solid cylinder of AISI 316L stainless steel (6.90 g/cm3) with a diameter of 1.17 mm and a length of 0.71 mm (note: previous database used AISI 306 stainless steel). The active length of this source is 3.5 mm. The mean photon energy calculated on the surface of the source is 360.99 keV with statistical uncertainties < 0.002% .
Dose Rate Constant - Λ :
Dose rate constants, Λ, are calculated by dividing the dose to water per history in a (0.1 mm)3 voxel centered on the reference position, (1 cm, Π/2), in the 80x80x80 cm3 water phantom, by the air-kerma strength per history factor (scored in vacuo). Air kerma per history is always calculated using a tracklength estimator in a 10x10x0.05 cm3 air voxel located in vacuo on the transverse axis 100 cm away from the source and then corrected (kr2 = 1.00217) for the lateral and thickness dimensions of the scoring voxel to give the air kerma per history on the central axis at a point 100 cm from the source’s mid-point as described in our previous study 2,3. Low-energy photons emitted from the source encapsulation are suppressed in the air-kerma calculations by discarding all photons with energy less than 10 keV (i.e. PCUT set to 10 keV in EGSnrc). egs_brachy uncertainties are only statistical uncertainties (k=1).
Radial dose function - g(r):
The radial dose function, g(r), is calculated using both line and point source geometry functions and tabulated at 36 different radial distances ranging from 0.2 cm to 20 cm.
Anisotropy function - F(r,θ):
Anisotropy functions are calculated using the line source approximation and tabulated at 12 radii from 0.25 cm to 20 cm and 47 unique polar angles with a resolution of 5° or better. The anisotropy factor, φan (r), was calculated by integrating the solid angle weighted dose rate over 0° ≤ ϑ ≤ 180°.
F(0.50,θ)  |
F(1.00,θ)  |
F(5.00,θ)  |
F(10.00,θ)  |
Along-Away Dose Data:
Along-away dose data are tabulated at 16 away distances from 0 cm to 20 cm and 31 along with points from -20 cm to 20 cm. Doses are normalized to SK, the air kerma strength.
Primary and Scatter Separated (PSS) Dose Data: Dii (r,θ):
Primary and Scatter Separated (PSS) dose data are tabulated at 12 radii from 0.25 cm to 20 cm and 47 unique polar angles with a resolution of 5° or better. High resolution (Δr = 1 mm, ΔΘ = 1°) primary scatter dose data are also available in .csv files. For the purposes of these calculations, any photon escaping the source encapsulation is considered a primary. Only photons which scatter within the phantom are counted in the scatter tallies. Doses are normalized to the total photon energy escaping the encapsulation. The "ii" subscript labeled in the Dii(r, θ) represent the total scatter as Dto(r, θ), the primary photons as Dpr(r, θ), the single scatter photon as Dss(r, θ), and the multiple scatter photons as Dms (r, θ).
Click images for higher res versionsDii (r,90°)*r 2  |
Dii (1.00,θ)  |
Dii (5.00,θ)  |
Dii (10.00,θ) |
Dii (20.00,θ)  |
Photon Energy Spectra
Photon energy spectra generated by the source model are calculated using the egs_brachy surface count scoring option to get the spectrum on the surface of the source. The relative counts here are the counts per 1 keV bin normalized to 1 count total in the spectrum. The MC calculations have a statistical uncertainty less than 0.002% on the mean energy. The spectrum data are available in xmgrace format below.
Photon energy spectrum on the source surface: xmgrace
Tabulated data:
Tabulated data are available in .xlsx format: Excel
References:
1. D. C. Medich, J. J. Munro III, Monte Carlo characterization of the M-19 high dose rate Iridium-192 brachytherapy source, Med. Phys., 34, 1999-2006, 2007
2. R. E. P. Taylor et al , Benchmarking BrachyDose: voxel-based EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculations of TG--43 dosimetry parameters, Med. Phys., 34 , 445 - 457, 2007
3. D. W. O. Rogers, Inverse square corrections for FACs and WAFACs, Appl. Radiat. Isot.,153 ,108638, 2019
4. H. Safigholi, M. J. P. Chamberland, R. E. P. Taylor, M. P. Martinov, D. W. O. Rogers, and R. M. Thomson, Update of the CLRP TG-43 parameter database for high-energy brachytherapy sources, to be published (Current calculation).
5. R. E. P. Taylor, D. W. O. Rogers, EGSnrc Monte Carlo calculated dosimetry parameters for 192Ir and 169Yb brachytherapy sources, Med. Phys., 35 , 4933 - 4944, 2008